Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems
EDITED BY JYRKI T. J. PENTTINEN
This edition first published 2015
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
 |
| The Telecommunications Handbook Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems |
This book is based on many experiences from real-world projects, results of academic studies, and other
investigations in telecommunications field. It also references the research, development and technical project
results over a long period of time of many professionals I have worked with in Europe, North America and
Latin America, interfacing with telecom companies, governmental organizations and educational institutions.
I believe these activities have formed a useful knowledge base for summarizing telecommunications topics in
book format. I would thus like to express my special thanks to all my good colleagues at TeliaSonera Finland
and Yoigo (Xfera) Spain, standardization groups of ETSI, 3GPP and DVB-H, Aalto University School of
Electrical Engineering, United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Finnish
Information Society Centre, European Commission, Giesecke & Devrient and organizations of the Nokia
umbrella – to mention only some – for the friendliest cooperation whilst I have worked with my employers
or as a consultant via my company Finesstel Ltd.
The collection of a complete telecom summary into a single book is without doubt a challenging task
for presenting relevant topics in balance, in a compact yet sufficiently deep manner. I acknowledge that our
contributor team succeeded in this job excellently by sacrificing valuable personal time with the understanding
attitude of the families and significant ones. I appreciate the dedication of the team higher that can be expressed by words.
I am also most thankful for the professional support of Wiley. This book would not be a reality without
the planning and organization skills, and gentle yet persistent track keeping of Wiley. I thank very much
Liz Wingett, Sandra Grayson, Clarissa Lim, Mark Hammond, and all others from the Wiley team who have
worked on this project, as well as Baljinder Kaur at Aptara. I would like to acknowledge especially the hard
work of Martin Noble in language editing.
I also give my warmest thanks to the Association of Finnish Non-Fiction Writers for their support.
Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to Elva, Stephanie, Carolyne, Miguel, Katriina, Pertti and
all my close family for their support and understanding during the writing.
Jyrki Penttinen
Preface
The evolution of mobile telecommunications is breathtaking.
It is also an excellent indicator of technical advances in general – as computers and processors evolve, there is impact on telecommunications solutions with an ever-growing need for capacity and data rates. Knowing that mobile communications were still only utilized by a small group of privileged people back in the 1980s, it is fascinating to realize the current speed of the development of telecommunications networks and devices both technically as well as for business opportunities. It is actually hard to find any other business area which has changed the lifestyle of so many in such a short time period. Presently, the majority of global population has mobile phone whilst the utilization of Internet is growing exponentially – all this only within a couple of decades!
Who would want to return any more to the era prior to emails and mobile phones?
The speed of this evolution has also generated challenges. Systems are becoming more and more complicated, and it is very hard to establish a complete picture of telecommunications technologies and systems achievement. There are many new technology areas that need to be learned and taken into account in realistic network deployments, such as security and advanced network planning methods. Furthermore, there is no longer a single concept of fixed and once-and-for-all learning of some areas of telecommunications as new solutions require constant upgrading of knowledge.
The updated understanding about the wider aspects of current and future systems is important for many
professionals and higher-level decision-makers because there are increasingly interdependencies along with the evolvement of systems and services. One example is the inclusion of 2G, 3G, 4G, local connectivity and location-based services into smart devices, so knowledge about the respective possibilities as well as limitations of the solutions is essential for service providers, device manufacturers, network architects and planners, and many more professionals. Another example is the efficient planning of the transition from older telecom systems as new systems start taking place. The optimal solution might not be simply a matter of ramping down the previous system to offer maximum capacity for the new one. Instead, utilizing the optimized intermediate solutions for spectral efficient gradual handing over the capacity offered between networks might save huge amount of money for operators. One concrete solution for the gradual lowering of GSM spectrum is the VAMOS terminals and base stations which serve a sufficient number of users within a narrower spectrum whilst pre-4G LTE and actual 4G LTE-Advanced may have greater capacity.
It is thus soon highly recommendable for telecom engineers to also start learning 5G! Currently, it is on the design table but as 2020 approaches, more professionals with updated knowledge are needed. It is a matter of maintaining relevant knowledge for efficient working as the understanding of functionality and end-to-end performance of the complete set of systems gives great assets to optimize user experiences.
This Telecommunications Handbook aims to tackle the need prior to the concretization of 5G. It is a wellknown fact that systems evolve so fast that literature tends to become outdated at the moment of publication. Nevertheless, the basics of the relevant systems are valid for the long term, and the presentation of the complete set within one book is justified, especially when the information is useful for a variety of professional profiles in order to understand the interdependencies of the systems. This book is meant for experienced professionals who are seeking updated information about systems outside their own special area, and also for persons not familiar with practical telecommunications systems, for example, in technical universities and institutes. The main focus of this book is to combine the information needed in both practical and academic environments: seasoned professionals can get easy access to telecom theories, and students can obtain realistic views of the practicalities of the systems.
Gradually, as systems evolve, new aspects require new editions, but I totally believe that this book will not be outdated too soon – whilst the systems remain in the markets, their basis as described in this publication will remain relevant. I also maintain updated information via the website www.tlt.fi which contains clarifications as well as extra information, to complement the contents not only of this book but my previous publications The DVB-H Handbook and The LTE/SAE Deployment Handbook, all published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
I hope you find this Telecommunications Handbook useful in your work and studies and I would very much appreciate any feedback via my personal email address: jyrki.penttinen@hotmail.com.
Jyrki Penttinen
Morristown, NJ, USA
Screenshot
Purchase Now !
Just with Paypal
Just with Paypal
Product details
Price
|
|
|---|---|
File Size
| 14,030 KB |
Pages
|
1007 p |
File Type
|
PDF format |
ISBN
| 9781119944881 |
Copyright
| 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
Table of Contents
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
Abbreviations xxix
List of Contributors xlv
1 Introduction
1.1 General 1
1.2 Short History of Telecommunications 2
1.2.1 The Beginning 2
1.2.2 Analog Telephony Era 4
1.2.3 Wireless Era 4
1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5
1.3.1 Current Information Sources 5
1.3.2 Telecommunications Market 6
1.3.3 Effect of Video Services 9
1.3.4 Network Scalability 11
1.3.5 How to Handle Increased Smartphone Signaling 13
1.3.6 Effects of Online Video 14
1.4 The Focus of the Book 15
1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16
References 20
2 Standardization and Regulation
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Standardization Bodies 23
2.2.1 ITU 23
2.2.2 ETSI 25
2.2.3 IEEE 28
2.2.4 IETF 28
2.2.5 CEPT 29
2.2.6 T1 30
2.2.7 ANSI 30
2.2.8 ARIB 31
2.2.9 TTC 31
2.2.10 3GPP 33
2.2.11 3GPP2 35
2.2.12 Broadcast Standardization 37
2.3 Industry Forums 38
2.3.1 GSM Association 38
2.3.2 UMTS Forum 40
2.3.3 WiMAX Forum 41
2.3.4 BMCO Forum and Open IPTV Forum 41
2.3.5 Global Mobile Suppliers Association 42
2.3.6 CDMA Development Group 42
2.3.7 Other Standardization Bodies 43
2.4 Other Entities 44
2.4.1 UNDP 44
2.4.2 IADB 45
2.5 Frequency Regulation 45
2.5.1 WRC 45
2.6 National Regulators 46
2.7 Guideline for Finding and Interpreting Standards 47
References 47
3 Telecommunications Principles
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Terminology and Planning Principles 49
3.2.1 Decibel 50
3.2.2 Erlang 52
3.2.3 Noise and Interferences 56
3.2.4 Other Typical Telecommunications Units 57
3.3 Evolution 58
3.3.1 Mobile Networks 58
3.3.2 Mobile Data 60
3.3.3 Demand for Multimedia 62
3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64
3.4.1 ITU Regions and Principles 64
3.4.2 Regional Aspects 64
3.5 Physical Aspects 64
3.5.1 Radio Interface and Radio Links 64
3.5.2 Electrical Wires 65
3.5.3 Copper Lines 65
3.5.4 Fiber Optics 69
References 71
4 Protocols
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 OSI 74
4.2.1 General 74
4.2.2 Physical Layer (1) 78
4.2.3 Data Link Layer (2) 78
4.2.4 Network Layer (3) 79
4.2.5 Transport Layer (4) 79
4.2.6 Session Layer (5) 80
4.2.7 Presentation Layer (6) 80
4.2.8 Application Layer (7) 80
4.2.9 Practice 81
4.3 Fixed Networks 82
4.3.1 SS7 82
4.3.2 SIGTRAN 83
4.4 Mobile Networks 89
4.4.1 SCCP 89
4.4.2 BSSAP 89
4.4.3 MAP 90
4.4.4 TCAP 90
4.4.5 LAPD/LAPDm 90
4.5 Data Networks 90
4.5.1 TCP/IP 90
4.5.2 UDP 91
4.6 Error Recovery 93
4.6.1 Message 93
4.6.2 Error Correction Methods 94
4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96
4.7.1 LAPB 97
4.7.2 LAPD 97
4.7.3 LAPF 97
4.7.4 LAPM 98
4.8 Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98
References 99
5 Connectivity and Payment
5.1 Connectivity 101
5.2 Definitions 101
5.3 IP Connectivity 102
5.3.1 Multilink Dial-Up 102
5.3.2 ISDN 103
5.3.3 Leased Lines 103
5.3.4 E1/T1 103
5.3.5 Cable Modem 104
5.3.6 DSL 104
5.3.7 Power-Line Connectivity 104
5.3.8 ATM 104
5.4 Wired Connectivity 105
5.4.1 USB 105
5.4.2 USB Development 105
5.4.3 General Principles of USB 106
5.4.4 Physical Aspect of USB 107
5.4.5 Cable Length 109
5.4.6 Power 109
5.4.7 Serial Port 114
5.5 Radio Connectivity in the Near Field 114
5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115
5.6.1 General 115
5.6.2 Readers and Tags 116
5.6.3 Architecture 117
5.6.4 Standardization 118
5.6.5 Products and Use Cases 119
5.7 Secure Payment 120
5.7.1 Softcard 120
5.7.2 Background to Secure Payment Standardization 121
5.7.3 Functionality of Secure Payment 121
5.7.4 EMV 123
5.7.5 Practical Solutions 123
5.7.6 Other Payment Solutions 123
5.8 Bluetooth 125
5.8.1 General 125
5.8.2 Bluetooth RF 126
5.8.3 Bluetooth Profiles 126
5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129
5.9.1 T and M Rating 129
5.9.2 HAC Compatibility Aspects 130
5.9.3 TTY/TDD Compatibility 131
5.10 Other Connectivity Technologies 131
5.10.1 G.V2A 131
5.10.2 MirrorLink 132
References 132
6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Network Topologies 135
6.2.1 Point-to-Point 136
6.2.2 Bus 136
6.2.3 Star 137
6.2.4 Ring 137
6.3 Redundancy 138
6.4 Telephone Network 139
6.5 User Devices 140
6.5.1 Telephones 140
6.5.2 Data Equipment 142
6.6 Plain Old Public Telephone System (POTS) 145
6.6.1 General 145
6.6.2 Numbering of Telephony Networks 146
6.6.3 The Principle of Telephone Networks 146
6.6.4 Billing Principles 146
6.6.5 Comparison of Current VoIP Solutions 147
6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 149
6.7.1 Standardization of ISDN 149
6.7.2 Principles of ISDN 149
6.7.3 ISDN Reference Model 150
6.7.4 ISDN Signaling 151
6.7.5 ISDN Services 151
6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153
6.8.1 IN Principles 153
6.8.2 IN Elements 153
6.8.3 IN Applications 154
6.9 SIP 155
6.9.1 Background 155
6.9.2 Functionality of SIP 155
6.9.3 SIP Elements 158
6.9.4 Protocol Stack for Internet Multimedia 158
6.9.5 Initiation of Call 158
6.10 Telephony Solutions for Companies 159
6.10.1 Centrex 159
6.11 Transport 161
6.12 Cloud Computing 161
6.12.1 General 161
6.12.2 Principles 162
6.12.3 Benefits 163
References 163
7 Data Networks
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 IPv4 165
7.2.1 General 167
7.2.2 IPv4 Addresses 168
7.2.3 Notation of the Address 169
7.3 IPv6 169
7.3.1 Principles 170
7.3.2 IPv6 Address 170
7.4 Routing 172
7.5 ATM 174
7.6 Frame Relay 176
7.6.1 Definitions 176
7.6.2 Functionality 176
7.7 LAN and MAN 177
7.7.1 IEEE 802.1 (Bridging) 177
7.7.2 IEEE 802.2 (LLC) 177
7.7.3 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 177
7.7.4 IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) 181
7.7.5 IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) 181
7.7.6 IEEE 802.6 (MAN) 182
7.7.7 IEEE 802.7 (Broadband LAN via Coaxial) 182
7.7.8 IEEE 802.8 (Fiber Optic TAG) 182
7.7.9 IEEE 802.9 (ISLAN) 182
7.7.10 IEEE 802.10 (Interoperable LAN Security) 183
7.7.11 IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) 183
7.7.12 IEEE 802.12 (100BaseVG) 184
7.7.13 IEEE 802.13 (Unused) 184
7.7.14 IEEE 802.14 (Cable Modems) 184
7.7.15 IEEE 802.15 (Wireless PAN) 184
7.7.16 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 186
7.7.17 IEEE 802.17 (Resilient Packet Ring) 187
7.7.18 IEEE 802.18 (Radio Regulatory TAG) 187
7.7.19 IEEE 802.19 (Coexistence TAG) 187
7.7.20 IEEE 802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access) 187
7.7.21 IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handoff) 188
7.7.22 IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network) 188
7.7.23 IEEE 802.23 (Emergency Services Working Group) 188
7.7.24 IEEE 802.24 (Smart Grid TAG) 188
7.7.25 IEEE 802.25 (Omni-Range Area Network) 188
7.8 Wi-Fi 189
7.8.1 Standardization 189
7.8.2 Wi-Fi Authentication and Accounting 191
7.8.3 Wi-Fi Offloading 195
7.8.4 Wi-Fi Roaming 198
7.9 Inter-Operator Networks 202
7.9.1 Introduction 202
7.9.2 Overview 202
7.9.3 Different Solutions 203
References 204
8 Telecommunications Network Services and Applications
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Voice 207
8.3 Messaging 208
8.4 Audio and Video 210
8.4.1 Streaming 210
8.5 Health Care 212
8.6 Education 212
8.7 CSTA 213
8.8 Advanced Telecommunications Functionalities 214
8.8.1 Email 214
8.8.2 Videoconferencing 216
8.8.3 Telecommuting 217
8.8.4 Advanced Applications 217
8.9 Business Exchange 218
8.10 Public IP Network Develops to NGN 218
8.10.1 IMS Architecture 219
8.10.2 SIP 221
8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222
8.11.1 VoIP as a Solution for Fixed Communications Networks 223
8.11.2 Residential Areas 223
8.11.3 Business Environment 224
8.12 Mobile Services 224
8.12.1 Mobile Exchange 226
8.12.2 The CAPEX and OPEX of Mobile Exchange 234
8.12.3 Deployment of the Mobile Exchange 236
References 236
9 Transmission Networks
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Physical Transmission Systems 237
9.3 Coding Techniques 238
9.3.1 Unipolar Format 239
9.3.2 Bipolar Format 240
9.3.3 Modified AMI Codes 240
9.3.4 Delta Modulation 241
9.4 PCM 241
9.4.1 Principles 241
9.5 Coding Techniques 243
9.6 PDH 245
9.7 SDH 245
9.8 WDM 246
9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247
9.10 IP Multimedia Subsystem 250
9.10.1 IMS Architecture 250
9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257
9.11.1 Ethernet Transport 257
9.12 Cloud Computing and Transport 257
References 259
10 Modulation and Demodulation
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 General 261
10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262
10.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 262
10.3.2 Frequency Modulation 262
10.3.3 Phase Modulation 263
10.4 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 264
10.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 265
10.4.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 266
10.4.3 Combinations of ASK and PSK 267
10.4.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268
10.4.5 Modulation from a Mathematical Perspective 269
10.4.6 Pulse Shaping and Power Spectral Density of Modulated Signals 269
10.4.7 Typical Transmitter- and Receiver-Side Signal Processing 271
10.4.8 Digital Modulation Schemes Used in Practical Systems 274
10.4.9 Multiplexing, Multiple Access and Duplexing 276
10.4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 277
References 280
11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM
11.1 Introduction 281
11.2 Development of GSM 281
11.3 Specification of GSM 285
11.4 Architecture of GSM 286
11.4.1 General 286
11.4.2 Area Specifications 287
11.4.3 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 288
11.4.4 Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) 291
11.4.5 Operations Subsystem 293
11.5 Functionality of GSM 294
11.5.1 Frequencies 294
11.5.2 Channels 296
11.5.3 Traffic Channels 297
11.5.4 Control Channels 297
11.5.5 Multiframes 300
11.5.6 Channel Configurations 302
11.6 Numbering of GSM 303
11.6.1 Subscriber Numbering 303
11.6.2 Mobile Numbers 306
11.6.3 Network Numbering 307
11.6.4 Other Numbers 308
11.7 GSM Data 308
11.7.1 Principles 308
11.7.2 The Network Architecture 310
11.7.3 GPRS Interfaces 314
11.7.4 Special GSM Solutions 315
11.7.5 Machine-to-Machine Communications 315
11.7.6 Energy Saving Functionalities 316
11.7.7 Smartphone Signaling Optimization 316
11.8 Dual Half Rate 317
11.8.1 The Functionality and Usability of OSC 318
11.8.2 Effect of OSC on Capacity 319
11.8.3 OSC Radio Performance Analysis 327
11.8.4 OSC Radio Performance Model 331
11.8.5 Complete OSC Model 337
11.9 DFCA 341
11.9.1 Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation Principle 341
11.9.2 Joint OSC and DFCA Performance 342
11.10 EDGE 349
11.10.1 Technical Features 350
11.10.2 GERAN-Architecture 350
11.10.3 The Functioning of the EDGE 352
11.10.4 Channel Coding 352
11.10.5 Multifunctioning 353
11.11 DLDC 354
11.11.1 Installation Aspects 354
11.11.2 Time Slot Allocation 355
11.11.3 Feature Functionality 355
11.11.4 Case Study of DLDC Performance 358
11.11.5 Test Cases and Results 360
11.11.6 Analysis 366
11.12 EDGE2 366
References 367
12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA
12.1 Network Architecture 371
12.1.1 Node B – Base Station 372
12.1.2 Radio Network Controller 373
12.1.3 UTRAN Interfaces 375
12.2 Physical Layer Aspects 376
12.2.1 Spreading and Scrambling 376
12.2.2 Channel Estimation 378
12.2.3 Equalization 379
12.2.4 Power Control 380
12.2.5 Data Transmission in WCDMA and HSPA 381
12.2.6 Overview on Transport Channels and Physical Channels 386
12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387
12.3.1 Cell Search Procedure 391
12.3.2 Synchronization 392
12.3.3 Cell Update 393
12.3.4 Paging 395
12.3.5 Call Setup 395
12.3.6 Scheduling 396
12.3.7 Handover and Soft Handover 400
12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution since Release 5 402
12.4.1 Multicarrier 402
12.4.2 MIMO 406
12.4.3 Multiflow 407
12.4.4 Heterogeneous Networks 408
12.4.5 Self-Organizing Networks 410
12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks 410
12.5.1 Typical Frequency Usage 410
12.5.2 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 412
12.5.3 Location Areas Size vs Paging Load 415
References 415
13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A
13.1 Introduction 417
13.2 Architecture 418
13.3 Elements 419
13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422
13.4.1 eNodeB 422
13.4.2 User Equipment 424
13.4.3 S-GW 424
13.4.4 P-GW 425
13.4.5 MME 425
13.4.6 Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF) 426
13.4.7 Home Subscription Server (HSS) 427
13.4.8 GSM and UMTS Domain 427
13.4.9 Packet Data Network 427
13.5 Interfaces 428
13.5.1 Uu Interface 428
13.5.2 X2 Interface 428
13.5.3 S1 Interface 429
13.5.4 S3 Interface 429
13.5.5 S4 Interface 429
13.5.6 S5 Interface 429
13.5.7 S6a Interface 429
13.5.8 S11 Interface 429
13.5.9 SGi 429
13.5.10 Gn/Gp 430
13.6 Protocol Stacks 430
13.6.1 User Plane 430
13.6.2 Control Plane 431
13.6.3 Layer 1 432
13.6.4 Layer 2 433
13.6.5 Layer 3 433
13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434
13.8 LTE Radio Network 435
13.8.1 Introduction 435
13.9 LTE Spectrum 436
13.10 Physical Layer 438
13.10.1 Principles of OFDMA and SC-FDMA 438
13.10.2 OFDM Transceiver Chain 442
13.10.3 Cyclic Prefix 442
13.10.4 Channel Estimation and Equalization 444
13.10.5 Modulation 444
13.10.6 Coding 444
13.10.7 Signal Processing Chain 445
13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448
13.11.1 SC-FDM Transceiver Chain 449
13.11.2 PAPR Benefits 449
13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 449
13.12.1 Downlink 451
13.12.2 Uplink 452
13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453
13.13.1 Random Access 453
13.13.2 Timing Advance 453
13.13.3 Power Control 453
13.13.4 HARQ – Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 454
13.14 User Mobility 455
13.14.1 Tracking Area Update 455
13.14.2 Handover 455
13.15 Radio Resource Management Procedures 457
13.15.1 Packet Scheduling 457
13.16 Link Adaptation 458
13.17 ICIC 459
13.17.1 Hard Frequency Reuse 459
13.17.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse 460
13.17.3 Soft Frequency Reuse 460
13.17.4 LTE Context 461
13.17.5 TDM eICIC 462
13.18 Reporting 463
13.18.1 CSI 463
13.18.2 CQI 464
13.18.3 RI 464
13.18.4 PMI 465
13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466
13.19.1 Introduction 466
13.19.2 QoS and Associated Parameters 466
13.20 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467
13.20.1 Connection Mobility Control 467
13.20.2 Admission Control 468
13.20.3 HARQ 471
13.20.4 Link Adaptation 471
13.20.5 Packet Scheduling 472
13.20.6 Load Balancing 475
13.21 Uplink RRM 477
13.21.1 Packet Scheduling: Specific UL Constraints 477
13.21.2 Link Adaptation 478
13.21.3 Uplink Signaling for Scheduling and Link Adaptation Support 479
13.22 Downlink RRM 482
13.22.1 Channel Quality, Feedback and Link Adaptation 482
13.22.2 Packet Scheduling 483
13.22.3 Intercell Interference Control 484
13.23 Intra-LTE Handover 485
13.24 LTE Release 8/9 Features 487
13.24.1 MIMO 487
13.24.2 Diversity MIMO 488
13.24.3 Spatial Multiplexing 489
13.24.4 Beamforming 491
13.24.5 Self-Organizing Networks 491
13.24.6 Self-Configuration Rel. 8 491
13.24.7 Self-Configuration in Preoperational State 492
13.24.8 Physical Cell Identifier Selection 492
13.24.9 Automatic Neighbor Cell Configuration and X2 Setup 493
13.24.10 Self-Optimization Rel. 9 493
13.24.11 Mobility Robustness Optimization 494
13.24.12 Mobility Load Balancing 494
13.24.13 Energy Savings 494
13.24.14 RACH Optimization 495
13.24.15 Heterogeneous Networks 495
13.24.16 Node Types (LTE Context) 496
13.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496
13.25.1 Requirements for LTE-Advanced 496
13.25.2 Motivation and Targets 497
13.25.3 Advanced MIMO 497
13.25.4 Carrier Aggregation 498
13.25.5 Relaying 500
13.25.6 Cooperative Multipoint 502
13.26 LTE Transport and Core Network 504
13.26.1 Functionality of Transport Elements 504
13.26.2 Transport Modules 504
13.26.3 LTE Transport Protocol Stack 505
13.26.4 Ethernet Transport 505
13.26.5 IP Address Differentiation 505
13.26.6 Traffic Prioritization on IP Layer 505
13.26.7 Traffic Prioritization on Ethernet Layer 505
13.26.8 VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation 505
13.26.9 IPSec 505
13.26.10 Synchronization 506
13.26.11 Timing Over Packet 506
13.26.12 Synchronous Ethernet 506
13.27 Transport Network 506
13.27.1 Carrier Ethernet Transport 508
13.27.2 Transport for S1-U Interface 509
13.28 Core Network 509
13.29 Charging 510
13.29.1 Offline Charging 510
13.29.2 Charging Data Record 512
13.29.3 Online Charging 512
References 513
14 Wireless LAN and Evolution
14.1 Introduction 515
14.2 WLAN Standards 515
14.3 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) 515
14.3.1 Wi-Fi Variants 516
14.3.2 Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Networks 522
14.3.3 Security Aspects 523
14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524
14.4.1 WiMAX Standardization 525
14.4.2 WiMAX Frequencies 525
14.4.3 Technology for WiMAX Deployments 525
14.4.4 Architecture of WiMAX 526
14.4.5 Marketing Aspects 527
14.4.6 Applications 528
14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16 (4G) 529
14.5.1 General 529
14.5.2 Impacts of IEEE 802.16m on Network Planning 531
14.5.3 Applications and Key Functionalities 533
14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534
14.6.1 Other Connectivity Methods 534
14.6.2 The Future 534
References 536
15 Terrestrial Broadcast Networks
15.1 Introduction 537
15.2 Analog Systems 537
15.2.1 Radio 537
15.2.2 Television 538
15.3 Digital Radio 539
15.3.1 Principle 539
15.4 Digital Television 540
15.4.1 DVB 540
15.4.2 DVB-T 540
15.4.3 DVB-H 541
15.4.4 ISDB-T 548
15.4.5 ATSC 548
15.4.6 MBMS/eMBMS 548
15.4.7 CMAS 551
References 552
16 Satellite Systems: Communications
16.1 Introduction 555
16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556
16.2.1 General 556
16.2.2 Orbits 556
16.2.3 Frequencies 558
16.2.4 Characteristics of Satellite Systems 559
16.2.5 Functionality 559
16.2.6 Equipment 560
16.2.7 System Architecture 561
16.2.8 Satellite Antennas 561
16.2.9 Challenges in Satellite Communications 565
16.3 Voice and Data Services 569
16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571
16.4.1 Principles 571
16.4.2 Formats 571
16.4.3 Satellite TV 573
16.4.4 Satellite Audio and Radio 573
16.5 Standardization 574
16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577
16.6.1 ACeS 577
16.6.2 Telstar 578
16.6.3 Globalstar 579
16.6.4 ORBCOMM 581
16.6.5 Mars Odyssey 582
16.6.6 SkyBridge 582
16.6.7 Iridium 585
16.6.8 Molniya 589
16.6.9 Teledesic 590
16.6.10 ICO/Pendrell 590
16.6.11 Inmarsat 590
16.6.12 Thuraya 593
16.6.13 MSAT/SkyTerra 593
16.6.14 TerreStar 594
16.6.15 VSAT 594
16.7 Radio Link Budget 595
16.7.1 Principle of the Link Budget 595
16.7.2 Link Budget Forming 596
16.7.3 Example of the Link Budget 597
References 601
17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and Telemetry
17.1 General 603
17.2 GPS 604
17.2.1 Background 604
17.2.2 System Architecture 605
17.2.3 Frequencies 607
17.2.4 Functionality 607
17.3 GALILEO 608
17.3.1 General 608
17.3.2 European Variant 609
17.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614
17.4.1 GLONASS 614
17.4.2 BeiDou/COMPASS 615
17.4.3 QZSS 615
17.4.4 IRNSS 615
17.5 Space Research 616
17.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616
17.6.1 Geostationary Satellites 616
17.6.2 Polar Orbiting Satellites 617
17.7 Military Systems 617
17.7.1 Orbits 618
References 619
18 Other and Special Networks
18.1 IS-95 621
18.1.1 General 621
18.1.2 Standards 621
18.1.3 CDMA Principles 622
18.1.4 Network Architecture 623
18.2 CDMA2000 624
18.2.1 General 624
18.3 TETRA 625
18.3.1 TETRA I 626
18.3.2 TETRA II 629
18.3.3 Security 632
18.3.4 Benefits 632
18.3.5 Key Services 635
18.3.6 Functionality 638
References 640
19 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP Mobile Networks
19.1 Introduction 641
19.2 Basic Principles of Protection 641
19.3 GSM Security 642
19.3.1 SIM 643
19.3.2 Authentication and Authorization 643
19.3.3 Encryption of the Radio Interface 644
19.3.4 Encryption of IMSI 646
19.3.5 Other GSM Security Aspects 646
19.3.6 Potential Security Weaknesses of GSM 647
19.4 UMTS Security 647
19.5 LTE Security 649
19.5.1 Security Process 649
19.5.2 Network Attack Types in LTE/SAE 649
19.5.3 Preparation for the Attacks 650
19.5.4 Certificates 653
19.5.5 LTE Transport Security 654
19.5.6 Traffic Filtering 655
19.5.7 Radio Interface Security 655
19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659
19.6.1 General 659
19.6.2 IPSec 660
19.6.3 IPSec Processing and Security Gateway 661
19.6.4 Single Tunnel with Dedicated Tunnel Interfaces 663
19.6.5 Single Tunnel with Shared Tunnel Interfaces 663
19.6.6 Multiple Tunnels with Dedicated Tunnel Interfaces 663
19.6.7 Multiple Tunnels with Shared Tunnel Interfaces 663
19.6.8 Summary 663
19.7 Authentication and Authorization 663
19.8 Customer Data Safety 665
19.9 Lawful Interception 665
References 668
20 Planning of 2G Networks
20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669
20.1.1 General 669
20.1.2 Planning of the Networks 670
20.2 Capacity Planning 672
20.3 Coverage Planning 675
20.3.1 Link Budget 675
20.3.2 Radio Wave Propagation Models 677
20.4 Frequency Planning 679
20.4.1 C/I Ratio 679
20.5 Parameter Planning 681
20.6 Network Measurements 683
20.7 Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684
20.7.1 Capacity Planning 684
20.7.2 Coverage Area Planning 700
20.7.3 Frequency Planning 710
20.7.4 Parameter Planning 712
20.8 Other Planning Considerations 714
20.8.1 Multilayer Networks 714
20.8.2 Variation of the Load 715
20.8.3 Vegetation and Weather Conditions 715
20.8.4 Quality of Service Levels 716
20.8.5 Transmission 716
20.8.6 The Effect of the Applications 717
20.8.7 The Usability of GPRS Data 718
20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722
20.9.1 GPRS Measurement Devices 722
20.9.2 The C/I Measured from the Network 722
20.9.3 Conclusions 726
20.10 Simulations 729
20.10.1 Interference Level Simulator 729
20.10.2 Simulation Considerations 729
20.10.3 Simulations: Example 731
20.10.4 Results 734
References 741
21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks
21.1 Introduction 743
21.2 Radio Network Planning Process 743
21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746
21.3.1 Quality of Service 746
21.4 Capacity Planning 749
21.5 Coverage Planning 750
21.5.1 Radio Link Budget 751
21.5.2 Radio Propagation Models 754
21.5.3 Frequency Planning 757
21.5.4 Other Planning Aspects 757
21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757
21.7 Parameter Planning 759
21.7.1 eNodeB Transmitter Power 763
21.7.2 Calculation of Downlink Interference Margin 771
21.7.3 Path Loss Prediction 773
21.7.4 Frequency Planning 776
References 776
22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks
22.1 Introduction 777
22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning Process 777
22.2.1 Capacity Planning 778
22.2.2 Coverage and QoS Planning 782
22.2.3 Propagation Models 788
22.2.4 Safety Distance 791
22.2.5 Cost Prediction 791
22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795
22.3.1 Identifying the Planning Items 795
22.3.2 Detailed Network Planning Process 796
22.3.3 Capacity Planning 796
22.3.4 Coverage Planning 797
22.3.5 Local Measurements 799
22.3.6 Effect of SFN 806
22.4 Radiation Limitations 818
22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819
22.5.1 Cost Optimization in Noninterfered Network 819
22.5.2 Cost Optimization in Interfered SFN Network 822
References 830
23 Planning of Core Networks
23.1 Introduction 835
23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 835
23.3 Planning of the Networks 836
23.4 Capacity Planning 838
23.5 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 840
23.5.1 3GPP R8 Requirements for LTE Support in Packet Core Network 840
23.5.2 Introducing LTE in Operator Network 841
23.6 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with
Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841
23.6.1 Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Release 8 Network 842
23.6.2 Optimal Solution for 2G/3G SGSN and MME from Architecture Point of View 843
23.7 SGSN/MME Evolution 845
23.7.1 Requirements to MME Functionality in LTE Networks 845
23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846
23.8.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Network Server 846
23.8.2 Aspects to Consider in SGSN/MME Evolution Planning 846
23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847
23.9.1 Requirements to Mobile Gateway in Mobile Broadband Networks 847
23.10 Case Example: Commercial GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847
23.10.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Network Gateway 847
23.10.2 Aspects to Consider in GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Evolution Planning 848
23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology Considerations 848
23.11.1 EPC Topology Options 848
23.11.2 EPC Topology Evolution 849
23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850
Reference 851
24 EMF – Radiation Safety and Health Aspects
24.1 Introduction 853
24.2 The EMF Question 856
24.3 The Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856
24.4 The Expert Organizations and Regulation 858
24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate 860
24.5.1 Cancer 860
24.5.2 Electro Hypersensitivity 861
24.5.3 The Children’s Issue 862
24.5.4 So-Called Funding Bias 863
24.5.5 Ana-Digi 864
24.6 SAR 864
24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866
24.8 Summing Up 869
24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870
24.9.1 Introduction of DVB-H Interference Estimation 871
24.9.2 Safety Aspects 872
24.9.3 EMC Limits 877
24.9.4 Conclusions 880
References 880
25 Deployment and Transition of Telecommunication Systems
25.1 Introduction 883
25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883
25.3 Transition of Telecommunication Systems 885
25.4 Network Deployments 886
25.4.1 1G Systems 886
25.4.2 2G Systems 887
25.4.3 2G Evolution from GSM to EDGE 889
25.4.4 3G Systems 891
25.4.5 Evolution of 3G Networks 893
25.4.6 4G Systems Considerations 895
25.4.7 Can HSPA+ Become a 4G System? 897
25.4.8 4G Systems 897
25.5 Spectrum Considerations for Network Transition 900
25.6 Terminals Support for the Network Transition 904
25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of Small Cells 906
25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910
25.9 Challenges and Possibilities 911
References 913
26 Wireless Network Measurements
26.1 Introduction 915
26.2 Principles of Radio Interface Measurements 915
26.3 GSM/GPRS 915
26.3.1 GSM/GPRS Measurement Devices 915
26.3.2 The C/I Measured from the Network 916
26.4 LTE 921
26.4.1 Principle 921
26.4.2 LTE Traffic Simulators 923
26.4.3 Typical LTE Measurements 925
26.4.4 Type Approval Measurements 926
26.4.5 Modulation Error Measurements 927
26.4.6 LTE Performance Simulations 927
26.5 LTE Field Measurements 928
26.5.1 Typical Field Test Environment 929
26.5.2 Test Network Setup 930
26.5.3 Test Case Selection 933
26.5.4 Items to Assure 933
References 934
Index 935
●▬▬▬▬▬❂❂❂▬▬▬▬▬●
●▬▬❂❂▬▬●
●▬❂▬●
●❂●
═════● ●═════
